Recently I started my own research about expanded animation. The core direction:
Cameraless, non-screen animation through optical devices that generate motion percepts materially and spatially rather than through conventional screen-based display.
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Camera-less and non-screen based are two different constraints, Camera-less describes how it’s generated, Non-screen based describes how it’s presented.
It is an animation practice that does not rely on an image-capture camera (i.e., no filming/recording of frames to create the illusion of motion) and is typically presented through direct mechanical, optical, or physical changes in the viewing setup.
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Direct-manipulation mechanical animation: motion illusion is produced by the device itself (e.g., zoetrope, flip book, shadow puppetry, barrier-grid / slit-viewing devices).
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Optical/light-based camera-less display: motion/shape is produced by manipulating light and optics (e.g., laser-based installations, holographic systems, dynamic light fields), where viewers perceive motion through physical light behavior rather than camera-rendered imagery.
which means, this animation could be: unplugged (e.g. flip book, light filter glasses), three-dimensional (e.g. 3d zoetrop), wearable (e.g. light reactive tattoo), etc.